When you’re writing an essay, research paper, or literary analysis, “the author states” is a useful way to introduce an idea from a source. However, using the same phrase repeatedly can make your writing feel predictable. The good news is that you have many precise alternatives, and each one can communicate a slightly different relationship between the writer and the idea.
You might use “the author argues” when presenting a position, “the author suggests” when the idea is less certain, or “the author explains” when the writer clarifies a concept. Choosing the right reporting verb makes your writing more accurate rather than simply more varied.
This guide explores 15 other ways to say “the author states,” with examples and practical advice for choosing the right expression in academic and professional writing.
What Does “The Author States” Mean?
“The author states” means that a writer directly expresses, presents, or communicates a particular idea, fact, opinion, or position. The phrase is commonly used when summarizing or referring to information from a book, article, study, essay, report, or other written source.
Example: The author states that regular exercise can improve overall well-being.
Here, “states” simply tells the reader that the author expressed this idea. It doesn’t necessarily tell you whether the author is proving it, arguing for it, suggesting it, or merely mentioning it.
That neutral quality makes “the author states” useful in academic writing. At the same time, it can become repetitive if you use it several times within the same essay.
Definition of “The Author States”
The phrase has two basic parts:
- The author identifies the person responsible for the written work.
- States means expresses or presents something in words.
So, when you write “the author states,” you’re attributing information to the writer.
Example: The author states that social media has changed how people communicate.
This sentence doesn’t necessarily mean the author is arguing aggressively for that position. It simply attributes the statement to the author.
That distinction matters when choosing an alternative. A more specific reporting verb can tell your reader how the author presents the idea, not merely that the author presents it.
What Does “States” Mean in Academic Writing?
In academic writing, “states” is generally neutral. It can introduce a direct statement, factual claim, position, or observation without adding much interpretation.
Consider this example:
The author states that early education plays an important role in child development.
The verb “states” doesn’t indicate whether the author strongly defends the idea. It only identifies the source of the information.
Compare it with:
The author argues that early education plays an important role in child development.
Now, the sentence suggests that the author is presenting a position and supporting it with reasoning or evidence.
Similarly:
The author suggests that early education plays an important role in child development.
This version sounds more cautious. It suggests that the idea may be implied rather than presented as an absolute fact.
This is why reporting verbs matter. The verb you choose can subtly change how your reader understands the original source.
When Should You Use “The Author States”?
Use “the author states” when you want to attribute a clear statement to a writer without adding unnecessary interpretation.
It works particularly well when:
- summarizing a source,
- introducing a quotation,
- discussing an author’s position,
- explaining information from an article,
- writing an academic essay,
- analyzing a book or paper,
- comparing ideas from different sources.
Example: The author states that technological development has transformed modern workplaces.
You could also use the phrase when the exact strength of the author’s position isn’t important.
However, don’t automatically use “states” every time you mention an author. Sometimes a more specific verb gives your sentence greater precision.
If the author is presenting an argument, “argues” may be better.
If the author is explaining an idea, “explains” may be more accurate.
If the author is offering a possibility, “suggests” may be the better choice.
The goal isn’t to avoid “states” completely. The goal is to use it when it accurately describes the source.
Examples of “The Author States” in a Sentence
Here are several natural examples: The author states that effective communication requires active listening.
In the final section, the author states that the policy needs further evaluation.
The author states that historical records provide valuable evidence about the period.
In the article, the author states that technology has changed the way students learn.
The author states that consumers should consider long-term costs before making a purchase.
Notice how “states” remains neutral in each example. It doesn’t tell the reader whether the author is arguing, questioning, emphasizing, or proposing something.
That’s often exactly what you need.
Is “The Author States” Professional and Appropriate?
Yes. “The author states” is professional, grammatical, and appropriate for formal writing. It is especially common in academic essays, research discussions, literary analysis, and formal summaries.
Its main advantage is neutrality. You aren’t unnecessarily describing the author’s attitude. You’re simply telling readers where the information comes from.
Example:
The author states that public transportation can reduce traffic congestion.
This sounds clear and professional.
However, professional writing isn’t always about using the most formal-sounding expression. Good academic writing also depends on precision. If the author is making a strong argument, “states” may be less informative than “argues” or “asserts.”
So, don’t choose a reporting verb simply because it sounds academic. Choose the one that accurately represents the source.
Is “The Author States” Formal?
Yes. “The author states” has a formal and neutral tone. It generally sounds more appropriate in academic or professional writing than casual expressions such as “the author says.”
Example: The author states that the results support the proposed theory.
This fits naturally into a research paper.
In a casual conversation, however, you might simply say:
The author says the results support the theory.
Neither expression is inherently wrong. The difference is mainly one of register and context.
If you’re writing an academic essay, “states” is a safe choice. If you’re having an informal conversation about a book, “says” may sound more natural.
Is It Suitable for Academic Writing?
Absolutely. “The author states” is suitable for essays, research papers, literature reviews, book analyses, and other academic assignments.
It is especially useful when you want to introduce information without overstating what the source means.
Example: The author states that economic conditions influenced migration patterns.
This sentence reports the author’s position without claiming that the author proved the relationship beyond doubt.
Academic writing often requires this kind of careful attribution. You need to distinguish between what your source says and what you personally conclude from the source.
That is one reason neutral reporting verbs are valuable.
Is “The Author States” Neutral?
Yes. Neutrality is one of the phrase’s biggest strengths.
Compare these sentences:
The author states that the policy was ineffective.
The author argues that the policy was ineffective.
The author insists that the policy was ineffective.
The author claims that the policy was ineffective.
The basic idea remains similar, but the reporting verbs create different impressions.
States is relatively neutral.
Argues suggests reasoning or persuasion.
Insists suggests strong determination.
Claims can sometimes create distance or skepticism.
This difference becomes important when you’re summarizing another person’s work. Your reporting verb should not accidentally make the author’s position sound stronger, weaker, more doubtful, or more argumentative than it actually is.
When Does “The Author States” Sound Repetitive?
The phrase can become repetitive when you use it several times in a short passage.
For example:
The author states that education affects income. The author states that family background also matters. The author states that location influences employment opportunities.
The grammar is fine, but the writing feels mechanical.
A better version could vary the reporting verbs:
The author states that education affects income. The author also notes that family background matters. Finally, the author emphasizes the influence of location on employment opportunities.
Now the sentences feel more natural, and each verb gives the reader a little more information.
However, variation should always serve meaning. Don’t replace “states” with a random synonym just to make the paragraph look different.
Why Use Alternatives to “The Author States”?
There are two main reasons to use alternatives: avoiding unnecessary repetition and communicating the author’s purpose more precisely.
A strong reporting verb can do more than identify the source. It can show whether the writer is explaining, arguing, suggesting, emphasizing, observing, proposing, or making a claim.
That extra meaning can make your writing much more precise.
Avoiding Repetition in Academic Writing
Academic writing often requires you to discuss sources repeatedly. If every sentence begins with “the author states,” your paragraph can quickly become monotonous.
For example:
The author states that exercise improves health. The author states that sleep affects recovery. The author states that nutrition is also important.
You can make the paragraph smoother by varying the verbs:
The author states that exercise improves health. The author explains how sleep affects recovery and emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition.
The second version is more informative because the reporting verbs tell us something about the author’s presentation.
Choosing a More Precise Reporting Verb
Different verbs communicate different relationships between a writer and an idea.
Suppose a researcher presents evidence and reaches a conclusion. “The author concludes” may be more precise than “the author states.”
Suppose a writer presents an opposing position and supports it with evidence. “The author argues” is more appropriate.
Suppose the writer introduces a possible explanation without presenting it as certain. “The author suggests” may be better.
This is why a list of synonyms isn’t enough. You need to understand the function of each reporting verb.
Matching the Verb to the Author’s Purpose
Ask yourself what the author is actually doing.
Are they:
- presenting information?
- explaining an idea?
- making an argument?
- suggesting a possibility?
- emphasizing an important point?
- describing something?
- proposing a solution?
- making a strong claim?
- observing a pattern?
Once you answer that question, the right reporting verb becomes easier to choose.
For example:
The author proposes a new approach to workplace training.
This is more precise than:
The author states a new approach to workplace training.
The first sentence tells readers that the author is putting forward an idea. The second merely tells them that the idea appears in the text.
Showing Whether an Idea Is Certain, Tentative, or Arguable
Reporting verbs can also communicate the level of certainty or strength behind an idea.
Compare:
The author states that the treatment is effective.
The author suggests that the treatment is effective.
The author argues that the treatment is effective.
The author asserts that the treatment is effective.
These sentences aren’t identical in tone.
“States” is neutral.
“Suggests” is more cautious.
“Argues” implies reasoning or support.
“Asserts” sounds stronger and more confident.
Choosing the right verb therefore helps you represent the source fairly. Good academic writing doesn’t just report what an author says; it accurately represents how the author presents the idea.
15 Best Alternatives to “The Author States”
There are many ways to report an author’s ideas, but the best alternative depends on what the writer is actually doing. Some expressions are neutral, while others show argument, uncertainty, emphasis, or explanation.
The following alternatives can help you make your academic writing more varied without sacrificing accuracy.
1. According to the Author
“According to the author” is one of the most natural alternatives to “the author states.” It attributes information directly to the writer without necessarily suggesting that you agree with it.
This expression is especially useful when you’re summarizing information from a source.
Meaning and Usage
“According to the author” means that the information or viewpoint comes from the author.
For example:
According to the author, effective leadership requires strong communication skills.
The phrase doesn’t necessarily indicate whether the writer is arguing, suggesting, or proving the point. It simply identifies the source.
When to Use It
Use “according to the author” when:
- summarizing a source,
- introducing a viewpoint,
- attributing information,
- comparing different authors’ opinions,
- writing an academic essay or report.
It can be particularly useful when you don’t want to repeat “the author states” throughout a paragraph.
Examples
According to the author, social media has changed modern communication.
According to the author, early intervention can improve educational outcomes.
The problem is more complex than it first appears, according to the author.
Tone and Formality
The phrase is neutral, professional, and widely accepted in academic writing. It can also work in general writing.
One useful distinction is that “according to the author” emphasizes source attribution, while “the author states” emphasizes the act of making a statement.
2. The Author Explains
“The author explains” is a strong alternative when the writer is making an idea, process, reason, or concept easier to understand.
It shouldn’t be used simply because you want a synonym for “states.” The source should actually provide some form of explanation.
Meaning and Usage
“The author explains” means that the author clarifies or gives information about how or why something happens.
For example:
The author explains why effective communication is essential in the workplace.
The verb “explains” tells readers that the source goes beyond simply mentioning communication. It provides reasons or details.
When to Use It
Use this expression when an author:
- clarifies a concept,
- discusses how something works,
- gives reasons for an outcome,
- describes a process,
- makes a complicated idea easier to understand.
Examples
The author explains how sleep affects memory.
The author explains why consumers often prefer familiar brands.
In the second chapter, the author explains the causes of the conflict.
Tone
“The author explains” sounds professional, neutral, and informative. It works particularly well in essays, research papers, summaries, and educational writing.
Avoid using it when the author simply presents an opinion without explaining it.
3. The Author Argues
“The author argues” is appropriate when the writer presents a position and supports it with reasoning, evidence, or discussion.
This is one of the most useful reporting verbs in academic writing because academic authors frequently develop arguments rather than simply state facts.
Meaning and Usage
To argue means to present reasons or evidence in support of a particular position.
For example:
The author argues that public transportation should receive greater investment.
This tells the reader that the author is defending a particular position.
When to Use It
Use “the author argues” when the source:
- presents a clear position,
- uses evidence to support an idea,
- challenges another viewpoint,
- attempts to persuade readers,
- develops a sustained argument.
Examples
The author argues that technology should support rather than replace teachers.
The author argues that current environmental policies are insufficient.
Throughout the article, the author argues for greater transparency in government.
Tone
The expression is formal, analytical, and strongly associated with academic writing.
However, don’t use “argues” for every statement. If an author simply reports a fact, “states” or “notes” may be more accurate.
4. The Author Suggests
“The author suggests” is useful when the writer presents an idea as a possibility, interpretation, recommendation, or implication rather than as an absolute fact.
It is often a better choice than “the author states” when the source uses cautious language.
Meaning and Usage
“Suggests” can mean that the author proposes an idea or indicates something without expressing it as completely certain.
For example:
The author suggests that flexible working arrangements may improve employee satisfaction.
The word “may” and the verb “suggests” create a cautious tone.
When to Use It
Use this expression when an author:
- presents a possibility,
- makes a tentative interpretation,
- implies an idea,
- proposes a potential explanation,
- gives a recommendation.
Examples
The author suggests that regular exercise may reduce stress.
The evidence suggests that the author considers education a long-term investment.
The author suggests several ways to improve workplace communication.
Tone
“Suggests” is neutral, cautious, and academic.
Be careful, though. If the author makes a definite statement, “suggests” may make the original idea sound less certain than it actually is.
5. The Author Notes
“The author notes” is a concise and useful alternative when a writer draws attention to a particular fact, detail, observation, or point.
It is especially useful when you want to mention information without implying that the author is making a major argument.
Meaning and Usage
To note something means to mention or draw attention to it.
For example:
The author notes that several participants experienced similar difficulties.
The sentence simply tells readers that the author mentioned this relevant detail.
When to Use It
Use “the author notes” when the writer:
- mentions a relevant fact,
- points out a detail,
- briefly discusses an observation,
- adds information to a larger discussion.
Examples
The author notes that the results varied significantly between groups.
The author notes several limitations in the study.
The author notes that consumer behavior changed during the economic downturn.
Tone
This expression is professional, concise, and neutral.
It works particularly well when you want to avoid repeating “states” but don’t want to imply a strong argument.
6. The Author Points Out
“The author points out” is useful when the writer draws attention to something that readers might otherwise overlook.
It focuses on the act of highlighting a particular fact, problem, difference, or observation.
Meaning and Usage
“Points out” means to call attention to something.
For example:
The author points out that the two studies used different research methods.
The phrase tells readers that the distinction is something the author specifically wants them to notice.
When to Use It
Use it when an author:
- highlights an important detail,
- identifies a problem,
- draws attention to a difference,
- corrects a misconception,
- emphasizes something that deserves notice.
Examples
The author points out several weaknesses in the existing approach.
The author points out that the policy affects smaller businesses differently.
In the discussion, the author points out an important difference between the two theories.
Tone
“Points out” is clear and direct, but it is slightly less formal than expressions such as “emphasizes” or “observes.”
It can work in academic writing, although highly formal research writing may favor a more precise reporting verb.
7. The Author Emphasizes
When the author gives special importance to an idea, “the author emphasizes” is usually more precise than “the author states.”
The verb tells readers that the writer wants a particular point to stand out.
Meaning and Usage
To emphasize something means to give it particular importance or attention.
For example:
The author emphasizes the importance of early childhood education.
The sentence suggests that education isn’t simply mentioned. It is presented as an especially important issue.
When to Use It
Use this expression when the author:
- stresses an important idea,
- repeatedly returns to a particular point,
- gives special attention to an issue,
- identifies something as particularly significant.
Examples
The author emphasizes the need for stronger data protection.
Throughout the study, the author emphasizes the importance of reliable evidence.
The author emphasizes that successful teams require effective communication.
Tone
“The author emphasizes” sounds formal, professional, and academic.
However, don’t use it for every ordinary statement. There should be evidence in the source that the author actually gives the idea special importance.
8. The Author Observes
“The author observes” is a useful choice when a writer identifies a pattern, condition, behavior, or notable fact.
It often creates a slightly analytical tone.
Meaning and Usage
To observe something means to notice, identify, or comment on it.
For example:
The author observes that younger consumers tend to research products online before buying them.
Here, the author is identifying a pattern rather than necessarily arguing for a particular position.
When to Use It
Use “the author observes” when the source:
- identifies a pattern,
- comments on behavior,
- notices a trend,
- discusses an interesting condition,
- makes an analytical observation.
Examples
The author observes a significant change in consumer behavior.
The author observes that the results differ across age groups.
In the final section, the author observes several similarities between the two approaches.
Tone
This expression is formal, analytical, and measured.
It can be especially effective in literary analysis, research writing, and discussions of trends or patterns.
9. The Author Maintains
“The author maintains” is stronger and more formal than a simple “states.” It suggests that the author continues to hold and defend a particular position.
Meaning and Usage
To maintain a position means to continue asserting or defending it.
For example:
The author maintains that education should remain accessible to everyone.
The sentence suggests that this is a sustained position rather than a passing comment.
When to Use It
Use it when an author:
- consistently supports a viewpoint,
- defends a position,
- continues to argue for an idea,
- responds to opposing views while keeping the same position.
Examples
The author maintains that the policy needs substantial revision.
Throughout the book, the author maintains that social conditions influence individual behavior.
Despite criticism, the author maintains that the original findings remain valid.
Tone
“Maintains” is formal, analytical, and somewhat assertive.
It’s a particularly good choice for academic writing when an author repeatedly defends the same position.
10. The Author Asserts
“The author asserts” indicates that a writer makes a strong or confident statement.
It is more forceful than the neutral “states.”
Meaning and Usage
To assert something means to state it confidently or firmly.
For example:
The author asserts that current regulations are inadequate.
This wording gives the statement more force than:
The author states that current regulations are inadequate.
When to Use It
Use “the author asserts” when the writer:
- makes a strong claim,
- expresses a position confidently,
- presents something as true,
- speaks with considerable certainty.
Examples
The author asserts that the existing system is fundamentally flawed.
The author asserts that the evidence supports the proposed solution.
Throughout the article, the author asserts the importance of government accountability.
Tone
This expression is formal and assertive.
Because it carries a stronger tone, use it carefully. If the author’s language is cautious, “asserts” may overstate the writer’s confidence.
11. The Author Claims
“The author claims” can be useful when referring to a statement or position, but it deserves special attention because it may introduce a subtle sense of skepticism.
Meaning and Usage
“Claims” means that the author says or argues that something is true.
For example:
The author claims that the new policy will reduce costs.
The sentence attributes the idea to the author without necessarily confirming that the claim is correct.
When to Use It
Use “the author claims” when:
- the accuracy of the statement is still being evaluated,
- the writer makes a debatable assertion,
- you’re analyzing whether the evidence supports the author’s position,
- you want to distinguish the author’s claim from established facts.
Examples
The author claims that the approach is more efficient than traditional methods.
The author claims that the results demonstrate a clear improvement.
The author claims that the policy benefits smaller organizations.
Tone
“Claims” can sound neutral, analytical, or mildly skeptical, depending on context.
For that reason, don’t automatically use it as a replacement for “states.” If you simply want neutral attribution, “states,” “notes,” or “according to the author” may be safer.
12. The Author Indicates
“The author indicates” works well when the source provides evidence or wording that points toward a particular conclusion.
It can describe both direct and indirect communication.
Meaning and Usage
To indicate means to show, signal, or point toward something.
For example:
The author indicates that further research may be necessary.
This suggests that the author’s discussion or evidence points toward that conclusion.
When to Use It
Use “the author indicates” when the idea is:
- supported by evidence,
- implied by the discussion,
- signaled by the writer,
- presented indirectly,
- connected to information in the source.
Examples
The author indicates that the current system has several limitations.
The results indicate that the author views the policy as ineffective.
The author indicates a need for further investigation.
Tone
This expression is formal, analytical, and cautious.
It is particularly useful when the source does not make an idea in completely direct language.
13. The Author Describes
Use “the author describes” when the writer explains what something is like, how something appears, or what happened.
It is not a direct substitute for “states” in every context.
Meaning and Usage
To describe means to give details about a person, thing, situation, event, or experience.
For example:
The author describes the city as a rapidly changing cultural center.
Here, the writer isn’t simply making a statement. The author is providing a description.
When to Use It
Use this expression when the author:
- describes an event,
- portrays a person or place,
- explains characteristics,
- provides details about a situation,
- presents an experience.
Examples
The author describes the village as peaceful and isolated.
The author describes how the community responded to the crisis.
In the opening chapter, the author describes the challenges faced by the main character.
Tone
“The author describes” is neutral, clear, and professional.
It is especially useful in literary analysis, book reviews, summaries, and descriptive discussions.
14. The Author Proposes
“The author proposes” is appropriate when a writer puts forward an idea, plan, explanation, method, or solution for consideration.
Meaning and Usage
To propose something means to put it forward as an idea or possible course of action.
For example:
The author proposes a new approach to employee training.
The verb tells readers that the author isn’t merely reporting information. The writer is offering something for consideration.
When to Use It
Use “the author proposes” when the source:
- recommends a solution,
- introduces a new approach,
- presents a theory,
- suggests a plan,
- offers an explanation or model.
Examples
The author proposes several reforms to improve the education system.
The author proposes a new method for evaluating student performance.
In the final chapter, the author proposes an alternative explanation for the results.
Tone
This expression is formal, purposeful, and academic.
It works especially well in research papers, policy discussions, academic essays, and professional reports.
15. The Author Contends
“The author contends” is a formal alternative that indicates a writer strongly argues for a particular position.
It is similar to “argues,” but it often sounds more formal and deliberate.
Meaning and Usage
To contend means to argue or maintain a particular position, especially when that position may be debated.
For example:
The author contends that current environmental policies are insufficient.
This tells readers that the writer is defending a position rather than simply reporting a fact.
When to Use It
Use “the author contends” when the writer:
- develops a strong argument,
- defends a controversial position,
- challenges an accepted idea,
- presents evidence for a debatable conclusion.
Examples
The author contends that economic growth should not be measured by income alone.
The author contends that traditional teaching methods need substantial reform.
Throughout the paper, the author contends that social factors influence individual decisions.
Tone
“Contends” is formal, academic, and argumentative.
It can be an excellent choice for scholarly writing, but it may sound unnecessarily formal in everyday communication.
A Quick Rule for Choosing the Right Alternative
Don’t treat all these expressions as interchangeable synonyms.
Think about the author’s actual purpose:
- States → presents a statement neutrally.
- According to the author → attributes information to the source.
- Explains → makes an idea or process clear.
- Argues → presents and supports a position.
- Suggests → presents a possibility or less certain idea.
- Notes → mentions a relevant point.
- Points out → draws attention to something.
- Emphasizes → gives special importance to an idea.
- Observes → identifies a pattern or notable detail.
- Maintains → continues to defend a position.
- Asserts → makes a strong statement.
- Claims → presents a statement that may need evaluation.
- Indicates → signals or points toward an idea.
- Describes → provides details about something.
- Proposes → puts forward an idea or solution.
- Contends → strongly argues a debatable position.
The safest approach is simple: choose the verb that tells the truth about what the author is doing. Variety improves writing, but precision matters more than variety.
“The Author States” vs. Other Reporting Verbs
Although many reporting verbs can replace “the author states,” they don’t all mean exactly the same thing. The right choice depends on the author’s intention, level of certainty, and relationship to the idea.
Understanding these differences helps you avoid changing the meaning of your source while trying to make your writing more varied.
The Author States vs. The Author Says
“The author states” and “the author says” both introduce information from a writer, but their tones differ.
“The author states” sounds more formal and is common in academic writing. “The author says” is more conversational.
For example:
The author states that social media influences political communication.
In a casual discussion, you might say:
The author says that social media influences political communication.
Both sentences communicate the same basic idea. However, “states” is generally the better choice for formal essays and academic analysis.
The Author States vs. The Author Explains
Use “the author states” when the writer simply presents an idea. Use “the author explains” when the writer provides reasons, details, or clarification.
Compare:
The author states that sleep affects memory.
The author explains how sleep affects memory.
The first sentence reports a statement. The second tells readers that the author provides an explanation of the relationship.
Using “explains” when no explanation appears in the source can make your summary less accurate.
The Author States vs. The Author Argues
The difference between these verbs is particularly important in academic writing.
“The author states” is neutral. “The author argues” indicates that the writer presents a position supported by reasoning or evidence.
Compare:
The author states that public transportation should be expanded.
The author argues that public transportation should be expanded.
The second sentence suggests that the writer develops a case for expansion.
Use “argues” when the source actually presents an argument. Use “states” when you simply want to report what the author wrote.
The Author States vs. The Author Suggests
“Suggests” is generally more cautious than “states.”
For example:
The author states that the treatment is effective.
This sounds like a direct statement.
The author suggests that the treatment is effective.
This sounds less definite. It may indicate that the evidence points toward that conclusion or that the author presents it as a possibility.
This distinction matters when you’re summarizing research. Don’t use “suggests” if the source makes a firm, direct claim that you’re expected to report accurately.
The Author States vs. The Author Claims
These expressions can look interchangeable, but “claims” may create more distance between the writer and the reported statement.
Consider:
The author states that the policy will reduce costs.
This is neutral.
The author claims that the policy will reduce costs.
This may suggest that the statement is debatable or that its accuracy has not been established.
“Claims” isn’t automatically negative, but readers can interpret it as skeptical depending on context.
If you want neutral attribution, “states” is usually safer.
The Author States vs. The Author Asserts
“Asserts” is stronger than “states.”
When you write:
The author states that the results are reliable.
you’re neutrally reporting the author’s position.
When you write:
The author asserts that the results are reliable.
you’re suggesting that the author makes the statement firmly or confidently.
Use “asserts” when the source uses strong language or clearly defends a position. Don’t use it simply because it sounds more sophisticated.
The Author States vs. The Author Notes
“Notes” is useful for a detail or observation that the author mentions without necessarily making it the central argument.
Compare:
The author states that the study included participants from three regions.
The author notes that the study included participants from three regions.
The second version sounds like you’re drawing attention to a relevant detail within a broader discussion.
“Notes” can therefore be a useful way to add variation without changing the author’s meaning.
The Author States vs. The Author Indicates
“Indicates” can suggest that the source provides evidence or information pointing toward a particular conclusion.
For example:
The author states that more research is needed.
This presents the idea directly.
The author indicates that more research is needed.
This can suggest that the author’s discussion or evidence leads to that conclusion.
“Indicates” is especially useful when the idea isn’t expressed in exactly the same direct way.
The Author States vs. The Author Maintains
“Maintains” suggests that the author continues to support a particular position.
For example:
The author states that the policy is ineffective.
This is neutral.
The author maintains that the policy is ineffective.
This suggests that the author consistently holds or defends that position, possibly despite criticism or opposing evidence.
Use “maintains” when the idea is a sustained position rather than a passing statement.
The Author States vs. The Author Contends
Both verbs can introduce an author’s argument, but “contends” is more formal and strongly argumentative.
Compare:
The author argues that current regulations are inadequate.
The author contends that current regulations are inadequate.
The first is common and straightforward. The second sounds more formal and scholarly.
For most academic writing, “argues” is perfectly sufficient. “Contends” is useful when you want to emphasize that the author is defending a debatable position.
How to Choose the Right Reporting Verb
Instead of searching for a synonym every time you write “the author states,” first identify what the author is doing.
When the Author Gives a Fact
Use a neutral reporting verb when the writer presents factual information.
Good choices include:
- states
- notes
- indicates
- according to the author
Example:
The author notes that the study was conducted over a five-year period.
You don’t need an argumentative verb if the author is simply presenting information.
When the Author Gives an Explanation
Use “explains” when the writer tells readers how or why something happens.
The author explains why customer preferences changed during the period.
This is more precise than “the author states” because it tells readers that an explanation follows.
When the Author Makes an Argument
Use verbs such as:
- argues
- contends
- maintains
For example:
The author argues that current education policies need significant reform.
These verbs indicate that the writer is taking a position rather than simply reporting a fact.
When the Author Gives an Opinion
Depending on the strength of the opinion, you might use:
- argues
- maintains
- asserts
- suggests
The choice depends on how confidently the author presents the idea.
For example:
The author suggests that remote work may become more common.
sounds more cautious than:
The author asserts that remote work will become the standard model.
Never make a source sound more certain than it actually is.
When the Author Makes a Tentative Suggestion
“Suggests” is often the best option.
For example:
The author suggests that additional research may reveal a different pattern.
This wording preserves uncertainty.
Using “asserts” or “states” could make the idea sound more definite than intended.
When the Author Highlights an Important Point
Use “emphasizes” or “points out.”
For example:
The author emphasizes the importance of reliable evidence.
or:
The author points out that the existing system has several limitations.
Both tell the reader that the author wants attention directed toward a particular point.
When the Author Makes a Strong Claim
Consider:
- asserts
- contends
- maintains
- argues
For example:
The author contends that the current approach is fundamentally flawed.
This clearly signals that the writer is defending a strong position.
When the Author Presents a Solution
Use “proposes.”
For example:
The author proposes a new framework for evaluating student performance.
“States” would be too general here because the author is doing something specific: putting forward a potential solution or approach.
Best Alternatives by Writing Context
The same reporting verb doesn’t work equally well in every type of writing. Your audience and purpose should influence your choice.
Best Alternatives for Academic Essays
For academic essays, strong choices include:
argues, suggests, explains, notes, emphasizes, maintains, contends, and indicates.
For example:
The author argues that economic inequality affects educational outcomes.
This works because an essay often requires you to discuss an author’s reasoning and position.
However, don’t make every sentence sound highly formal. Simple reporting verbs are often clearer.
Best Alternatives for Research Papers
Research papers often require precise attribution.
Useful verbs include:
reports, observes, indicates, suggests, demonstrates, explains, and notes.
For example:
The author indicates that the sample size limits the reliability of the findings.
The verb “indicates” works because the source’s evidence points toward the conclusion.
When discussing research, accuracy matters more than impressive vocabulary.
Best Alternatives for Literary Analysis
Literary analysis often requires verbs that describe interpretation, observation, and emphasis.
Useful options include:
describes, observes, suggests, emphasizes, portrays, argues, and indicates.
For example:
The author describes the setting as isolated and threatening.
Or:
The author suggests that the character’s behavior reflects unresolved conflict.
The best verb depends on whether you’re describing what appears in the text or interpreting what it means.
Best Alternatives for Book Reviews
Book reviews can use a wider range of reporting verbs because the tone is often less rigidly academic.
Good options include:
explains, argues, suggests, describes, emphasizes, notes, and observes.
For example:
The author explores the relationship between memory and identity.
This sounds more natural than repeatedly using “the author states.”
Best Alternatives for Professional Reports
In professional reports, clarity usually matters more than elaborate vocabulary.
Useful choices include:
states, reports, notes, explains, indicates, and recommends.
For example:
The report indicates that customer satisfaction has improved.
A concise reporting verb keeps the writing professional without making it unnecessarily complicated.
Best Alternatives for Summaries
When summarizing a source, neutral verbs are usually safest.
Consider:
- states
- notes
- explains
- describes
- indicates
- according to the author
These expressions let you summarize the source without adding an interpretation that may not appear in the original.
Best Alternatives for Formal Writing
Formal writing gives you access to verbs such as:
asserts, contends, maintains, proposes, indicates, emphasizes, and argues.
However, formal doesn’t mean complicated.
If “states” communicates the idea accurately, there’s nothing wrong with using it. A simple, precise word is often better than an impressive word that changes the meaning.
Common Mistakes When Replacing “The Author States”
Replacing a repeated phrase is useful, but careless synonym swapping can create new problems.
Using “Argues” for a Simple Fact
Don’t use “argues” just because it sounds academic.
If an author writes that a study included five hundred participants, you don’t need to say:
The author argues that the study included five hundred participants.
That’s misleading because the author isn’t necessarily arguing about the number.
A better sentence is:
The author states that the study included five hundred participants.
Or:
The author notes that the study included five hundred participants.
Using “Claims” When You Mean Neutral Attribution
“Claims” can sometimes sound skeptical.
If you trust the information and simply want to attribute it, avoid unintentionally creating doubt.
Instead of:
The author claims that the company opened a new facility in 2025.
you may prefer:
The author states that the company opened a new facility in 2025.
The second version is more neutral.
Using “Suggests” for a Direct Statement
“Suggests” can weaken an author’s position.
If the author clearly says:
The policy should be changed immediately.
then writing:
The author suggests that the policy should be changed immediately.
may soften the original statement.
Use “suggests” when the source genuinely presents the idea as tentative or indirect.
Using “Emphasizes” Without Actual Emphasis
Not every sentence in a source represents an emphasized point.
If an author mentions a statistic once in passing, don’t automatically write:
The author emphasizes that the unemployment rate increased.
“Emphasizes” should be reserved for points that receive particular attention or importance.
Using “Describes” for an Argument
“Describes” and “argues” have different functions.
If an author develops a position about climate policy, you shouldn’t write:
The author describes that climate policy should change.
That structure is unnatural.
Instead:
The author argues that climate policy should change.
Use “describes” when the author gives details about something.
Using “Contends” in Casual Writing
“Contends” is grammatical, but it can sound unnecessarily formal in everyday contexts.
For example:
The author contends that the book is difficult to understand.
This is possible, but in a casual book discussion, “argues” or “says” may sound more natural.
Choose vocabulary that matches your audience.
Choosing a Formal Verb Just to Sound Academic
One of the biggest mistakes in academic writing is assuming that complicated words automatically make writing better.
They don’t.
A sentence such as:
The author states that the results were inconsistent.
can be better than:
The author contends that the results demonstrated an inconsistent methodological paradigm.
if the source simply reports inconsistent results.
Precision beats unnecessary formality.
A Simple Test for Choosing Your Reporting Verb
Before replacing “the author states,” ask yourself one question:
What exactly is the author doing here?
If the author is simply presenting information, use states or notes.
If the author is explaining something, use explains.
If the author is defending a position, use argues, contends, or maintains.
If the author is being cautious, use suggests.
If the author highlights an important point, use emphasizes.
If the author offers a solution or idea, use proposes.
This approach gives your writing natural variety without sacrificing the original meaning.
Quick Comparison of Alternatives to “The Author States”
Choosing the right reporting verb becomes easier when you compare what each expression actually communicates. Although many alternatives can introduce an author’s words or ideas, they aren’t interchangeable in every sentence. The best choice depends on the author’s purpose, the strength of the statement, and the tone you want to create.
| Alternative | Main Function | Tone |
| According to the author | Attributes information directly to the author | Neutral |
| The author explains | Clarifies an idea, process, or reason | Neutral to formal |
| The author argues | Presents a reasoned position | Formal |
| The author suggests | Presents an idea with some uncertainty | Neutral to formal |
| The author notes | Mentions or highlights a relevant detail | Neutral |
| The author points out | Draws attention to a specific fact or issue | Neutral |
| The author emphasizes | Gives special importance to an idea | Formal |
| The author observes | Identifies a fact, pattern, or situation | Formal |
| The author maintains | Continues to support a particular position | Formal |
| The author asserts | Makes a strong or confident statement | Formal |
| The author claims | Presents a statement or position that may need evaluation | Neutral to formal |
| The author indicates | Shows or signals that something is the case | Formal |
| The author describes | Provides details about a person, event, idea, or situation | Neutral |
| The author proposes | Introduces an idea, method, or solution | Formal |
| The author contends | Strongly argues a debatable position | Very formal |
Notice that the differences are mostly about meaning and function, not just formality. For example, the author explains is appropriate when the writer clarifies why something happens. It wouldn’t always work as a replacement for the author argues, because an argument and an explanation serve different purposes.
Likewise, the author claims can introduce a statement, but it may suggest that the statement deserves examination. If you simply want neutral attribution, according to the author or the author states may be safer.
The goal isn’t to use the most sophisticated verb available. It’s to use the verb that accurately represents the source.
How to Avoid Repeating “The Author States”
Repeatedly writing the author states can make an essay, review, or research paper sound mechanical. The solution, however, isn’t to replace every occurrence with a random synonym.
Instead, look at what the author is doing in each passage.
For example, imagine your paragraph contains these sentences:
The author states that social media affects communication. The author states that younger users communicate differently. The author states that technology continues to change language.
The grammar is correct, but the repetition makes the paragraph feel flat. You can create more variety by choosing reporting verbs that reflect the specific purpose of each statement.
A revised version might read:
The author argues that social media affects communication. The author notes that younger users communicate differently. The author observes that technology continues to change language.
Now each verb contributes something different.
Vary Reporting Verbs Naturally
You don’t need a different reporting verb in every sentence. In fact, excessive synonym swapping can make your writing sound forced.
If the author simply presents information, states, notes, or indicates may work well. When the author develops a position, argues, maintains, or contends may be more precise.
The key is to vary your language when variation improves clarity.
Change the Sentence Structure
You can also avoid repetition without changing the reporting verb every time.
Compare these examples:
The author states that education influences career choices. The author states that family expectations also matter.
You could write:
The author states that education influences career choices, while family expectations also play a role.
Or:
According to the author, education influences career choices, and family expectations can shape those decisions as well.
Changing the sentence structure often produces a more natural result than simply searching for synonyms.
Use Direct Attribution When Appropriate
Sometimes you don’t need a reporting verb at all.
Instead of repeatedly writing the author states, you can introduce an idea with a phrase such as according to the author.
For example:
According to the author, workplace flexibility can improve employee satisfaction.
This approach clearly identifies the source while keeping the sentence concise.
Don’t Replace “States” Just for Variety
This is one of the most important points.
Suppose an author makes a straightforward factual statement. Replacing states with contends simply because you’ve already used states may distort the meaning.
For example:
The author states that the study included 500 participants.
This is neutral.
The author contends that the study included 500 participants.
The second version makes the statement sound more argumentative than it may actually be.
Good academic writing isn’t about using the largest possible vocabulary. It’s about choosing precise language.
Practical Sentence Replacements
When you’re editing an essay or analysis, you can use the following examples as a quick guide.
When the Author Gives Information
Original:
The author states that the company expanded its operations in 2024.
Possible alternatives:
According to the author, the company expanded its operations in 2024.
The author notes that the company expanded its operations in 2024.
The author indicates that the company expanded its operations in 2024.
Use these when you want neutral attribution without suggesting that the author is arguing or defending the information.
When the Author Explains Something
Original:
The author states that several factors caused the decline.
Better:
The author explains that several factors caused the decline.
Here, explains is stronger because the author is providing a reason or clarification rather than merely reporting information.
When the Author Presents an Argument
Original:
The author states that schools should change their approach to technology.
Better:
The author argues that schools should change their approach to technology.
The verb argues tells your reader that the statement represents a position supported by reasoning.
When the Author Gives a Cautious Idea
Original:
The author states that remote work may improve productivity.
Better:
The author suggests that remote work may improve productivity.
Suggests works especially well when the author presents a possibility rather than a definite conclusion.
When the Author Highlights Something
Original:
The author states that access to clean water remains a major concern.
Better:
The author emphasizes that access to clean water remains a major concern.
Or:
The author points out that access to clean water remains a major concern.
Choose emphasizes when the author gives the idea particular importance. Choose points out when the author draws attention to a detail or issue.
When the Author Offers a Solution
Original:
The author states that governments should invest in public transportation.
Better:
The author proposes that governments invest in public transportation.
This makes the author’s role clearer because proposes signals that a recommendation or solution is being presented.
A Quick Decision Guide
If you’re unsure which alternative to use, ask one simple question:
What is the author actually doing?
If the author is simply presenting information, use states, notes, or according to the author.
If the author is clarifying an idea, use explains.
If the author supports a position with reasoning, use argues.
If the author presents a possibility or less certain idea, use suggests.
If the author draws attention to a particular detail, use points out.
If the author gives special importance to an idea, use emphasizes.
If the author identifies a pattern or makes an observation, use observes.
If the author continues to defend a position, use maintains.
If the author makes a strong statement, use asserts.
If the author presents a statement that may require evaluation, use claims.
If the author signals or provides evidence for an idea, use indicates.
If the author provides details about something, use describes.
If the author presents a recommendation or solution, use proposes.
If the author strongly defends a debatable position, use contends.
This approach keeps your reporting verbs accurate and purposeful.
Choosing Between “The Author States” and “According to the Author”
These two expressions are closely related, but they have slightly different grammatical roles.
The author states uses a reporting verb. The author is the subject performing the action of stating something.
The author states that exercise can improve mental performance.
According to the author functions as an attribution phrase.
According to the author, exercise can improve mental performance.
Both can work well in academic and professional writing. The choice often depends on sentence structure and rhythm.
If several sentences already begin with the author, switching to according to the author can create variety without changing the basic meaning.
However, don’t assume they are always perfect substitutes. According to the author focuses strongly on the source of the information, while states focuses on the act of making the statement.
Choosing Between “States,” “Argues,” and “Claims”
These three verbs can appear similar, but they communicate different levels of interpretation.
States is generally neutral.
The author states that economic conditions have changed.
Argues suggests reasoning and a position.
The author argues that economic conditions require a new policy.
Claims can be neutral in some contexts, but it can also imply that the statement needs verification or evaluation.
The author claims that the policy will solve the problem.
If you’re writing an academic analysis, think carefully before choosing claims. If you don’t intend to question the author’s statement, a more neutral verb may be better.
Choosing Between “States” and “Says”
Says is one of the simplest reporting verbs in English. It works well in everyday writing and many forms of general nonfiction.
The author says that the results were unexpected.
However, states often sounds more formal and deliberate.
The author states that the results were unexpected.
For academic essays, research papers, and formal analysis, states may fit the register better. For casual writing, says is usually perfectly natural.
Still, formality shouldn’t be your only consideration. If the author is making an argument, argues may communicate the meaning more accurately than either says or states.
A Final Rule for Using Reporting Verbs
When replacing the author states, don’t start with the question, “What synonym can I use?”
Start with:
“What does the author actually do in this sentence?”
That small change makes your writing much more precise.
If the author provides information, choose a neutral reporting verb. If the author explains a reason, use an explanatory verb. If the author defends a position, choose an argumentative verb. If the author offers a possibility, use a cautious verb. If the author recommends an approach, use a verb that signals a proposal.
This gives every reporting verb a purpose.
The strongest alternative to the author states isn’t necessarily the most formal one. It’s the one that accurately captures the author’s meaning while making your own writing clearer, smoother, and more varied.
Conclusion
Finding the right alternative to “the author states” can make your academic, professional, or analytical writing sound much more natural. While states is clear and neutral, other reporting verbs can show exactly what the author is doing. You might use argues for a supported position, suggests for a cautious idea, explains for clarification, or emphasizes when the writer gives special importance to a point.
The key is not to replace “the author states” simply for the sake of variety. Choose a reporting verb that accurately reflects the author’s meaning and purpose. This approach improves both clarity and precision while helping you avoid repetitive sentence patterns. With the right reporting verbs, your writing becomes smoother, more engaging, and easier to understand without sounding unnecessarily complicated.
FAQs
What is another way to say “the author states”?
Common alternatives include the author explains, the author argues, the author suggests, the author notes, the author points out, and the author emphasizes. The best choice depends on the author’s purpose. For neutral attribution, “according to the author” is also useful. Always choose the expression that accurately reflects what the author actually communicates.
Is “the author states” correct in academic writing?
Yes, “the author states” is grammatically correct and appropriate for academic writing. It provides a neutral way to introduce information or a position presented by a writer. However, repeating it too often can make an essay sound repetitive. Using precise reporting verbs such as “argues,” “explains,” or “suggests” can create greater variety and accuracy.
Is “the author says” too informal for academic writing?
“The author says” is grammatically correct and can appear in academic writing, but “the author states” often sounds more formal and deliberate. In a research paper or academic essay, you may also use verbs such as “argues,” “notes,” “explains,” or “suggests.” The best choice depends on the author’s purpose and the level of formality required.
What is the difference between “the author states” and “the author argues”?
“The author states” is generally neutral and simply reports what the writer says. “The author argues” indicates that the writer presents a position supported by reasoning, evidence, or discussion. Therefore, “argues” is more specific. You should use it when the author is making a case for an idea rather than merely presenting information.
What is the difference between “the author states” and “the author claims”?
“States” is usually neutral, while “claims” can suggest that the author’s statement deserves evaluation or verification. For example, “the author states that the results changed” simply reports information. “The author claims that the results changed” may subtly suggest that the writer’s assertion is debatable or requires supporting evidence.
Can I use “according to the author” instead of “the author states”?
Yes. “According to the author” is a useful alternative when you want to attribute information directly to the writer. For example, “According to the author, technology has changed modern communication.” It can also help you vary sentence structure when several sentences in a paragraph repeatedly begin with “the author.”
What reporting verb should I use instead of “states”?
Choose the reporting verb based on what the author is doing. Use explains for clarification, argues for a supported position, suggests for a cautious idea, notes for a relevant detail, emphasizes for an important point, and proposes for a recommendation or solution. Precision is more important than choosing the most formal-sounding verb.
Is “the author contends” more formal than “the author states”?
Yes, “the author contends” generally sounds more formal and strongly argumentative than “the author states.” Contends usually suggests that the writer is defending a debatable position. It works well in academic analysis and formal discussions, but it may be unnecessary when the author is simply presenting a straightforward fact or observation.
How can I avoid repeating “the author states” in an essay?
You can avoid repetition by using accurate reporting verbs and varying your sentence structure. Depending on the context, try the author explains, the author argues, the author observes, the author notes, or according to the author. You can also combine related ideas into one sentence instead of repeatedly attributing every statement separately.
What is the best alternative to “the author states”?
There isn’t one universal best alternative. The right choice depends on the meaning of the sentence. “The author notes” works well for a detail, “the author explains” for clarification, “the author argues” for a position, and “the author suggests” for a possibility. Choose the verb that most accurately represents the author’s intention.